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                                  The Switch Theory of Cancer- (Rev 11.12.16)

Cancer is a switch turned on to solve the problem of excessive glucose or fat consumed.

ABSTRACT:
The theory promoted is that cancer is part of "self" or your DNA, activated as a switch the body turns on. Cancer solves the problem of excess glucose and fat by efficiently turning it in to lactate so the animal could store energy while protecting vital organs enabling the animal to survive lean months. Cancer is not a random hit on the DNA. Wild animals and ancient people did not live in an abundant food environment. Even without lean months to reduce the sugar and fat intake the immune system can keep most things in check, but chemicals, radiation or stresses reduce the body's immune system causing an existing cancer to get out of control. This theory explains why cancer is so hard to kill, how it evades the immune system, and how it can activate your circulatory system (angiogenesis).   An example is HIV positive person, who dies of common pathogens a healthy immune system would kill - one of them is the cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma.  This theory explains why diet, exercise, lowers risk of cancer.

INTRODUCTION:
As an veteran of system development for advanced systems, including avionics packages (APR-39, ALR-62 etc.)  and advanced software and hardware design, the author brings a different prospective to the theory on cancer.  The current theory is the P53 tumor suppressor gene gets damaged and almost immediately the cell learns how to defeat immune system with the CD-47 protein (21A), then the cell quickly is able to call in the blood supply to feed it (angiogenesis) and then soon after cell has mobility to anywhere in the body for metastasis. All of this accomplished very quickly negating Darwinian cell selection.   With all these amazing accomplishments then cancer chooses an inefficient method for energy (the Warburg effect (2)).  Finally, with all of cancers abilities it cannot be transferred via a blood transfusion (1a).  In avionics or security terms, cancer must have the internal codes to the bodies' defense, and blood supply. Further, those codes do not permit access to other bodies.  This brings me to the conclusion that cancer is part of self.  

A different Hypothesis on Cancer- Cancer is a Switch and Part of "Self"
Cancer is a complex set of switches that are turned on to solve the problem of high levels of sugar and fat within the body during the spring and summer so that the animal can store this energy without damaging organs. High glucose levels have been shown to accelerate cancer cell proliferation in vitro, while glucose deprivation has led to apoptosis (4c). Clinical evidence shows that lower blood glucose levels in late-stage cancer patients have been correlated with better outcomes (4c). Cancer, being part of self explains cancer ability to encourage the circular system to build a blood supply feeding itself. Bacteria, which is billions of years old and can mutate cannot not do this. Cancer consumes 10-100 times the amount of glucose as a normal cell. Further, cancer blinds the immune system either by producing CD47 or some other methods.


The following are characteristics would exist, if cancer were random hit on DNA.
Cancer Should:
1.     be contagious
2.     have different metabolism methods
3.     not exist in children because it would be bred out
4.     diabetics should have the same cancer rates
5.     have the same rates in people with higher sugar and fat consumption
6.     have forgotten how to be normal, because of DNA damage
7.     be caused by DNA damage from chemicals
8.     follow random paths through the body


1. Cancer should be contagious.
If cancer were a random set of rogue cells then cancer should be transferrable via blood transfusion. HIV, bacteria, parasites, H1N1, and even prion (mad cow disease) all can be transferred via blood. A sophisticated cell that can call a blood supply and evade an immune system should be able to go into any host and thrive. The best way to transfer a disease is blood transfusion. The problem is cancer can't be transfused in blood. A beneficial bacterial which has the sophistication to control your body to regulate your stomach acid is transferrable, my E.coli is your E.coli, but your cancer is not my cancer.  In the article "Risk of Cancer after blood transfusion…" The author examines 354,094 transfusions recipients and concluded there was no excess risk of cancer from a blood transfusion.  In the article “Can Blood Transfusion Transmit Cancer?”  A case is made for accepting blood donors with a history of malignant disease base on Scandinavian databases. The exclusion would be known transmittable cancers via virus. The current state of the art, is cancer is not transferable via blood transfusion. A counter argument is transplanted organs. In the article "Tumors and Solid Organ Transplantation…" the author states  "The risk of cancer recurrence (in the donor) following partial nephrectomy for tumors < 4 cm in diameter was estimated at 0% to 3%. The incidence of bilateral involvement was estimated at 10% to 20% for familial or papillary RCC, and 2% to 4% for sporadic clear cell RCC… It should be noted that the findings were far from 100% and that an entire organ is being transplanted and the recipient is taking very strong immune suppression drugs to allow a foreign organ to coexist with the immune system. Further the author is making a case that the risk of cancer should be weighed against the potential of loss of life from not receiving the organ.  Based on the above cancer is not contagious.  (1a) (1b) (1c)

2. If it were random cancer would use different types of ways to metabolize
Cancers use the Warburg effect- which predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation (2a). Even when oxygen is plentiful most cancer cells turn off the mitochondria and produce lactic acid fermentation. This is against cancer’s best interest, because if cancer were self serving (2b) it would grow as fast and efficiently as possible and be contagious. Yet cancer does the most interesting thing it consumes massive amount of glucose and produces lactate. Let's assume the animal finds large amounts of fruit causing blood glucose levels to rise. Taste buds are sugar sensitive. Internal organs could be damaged in a very short time. Another way to deal with excess sugar would be to pass it out, via urine, but that would be wasteful in the lean months of winter. If some of the cells could change and convert massive amounts of sugar to lactate that would be more efficient and no organs would be damaged.  Cancer grows in the fat spring and summer months and shrinks in the winter and all is good. This is like our taste buds for salt, sugar and fat. In the wild all are scarce and the animal seeks them.  For cancer to be random it would use random ways to power itself. With a normal distribution half of cancers should use mitochondria for power. Nature sides on efficiently, therefore most cancers should use mitochondria for energy and not the inefficient Warbug effect. Cancer’s source of energy is very predictable and therefore not random.
3. Cancer would not exist in children because it should have been bred out.
Cancer exists in children should be eliminated by natural selection.  Within a few short generations childhood cancers should have been eliminated. Why do children get cancer? Or is it like Sickle Cell Anemia, which protects many people from malaria with a cost of some are going to die. In the article "Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014" The author states" In 2014, an estimated 15,780 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed and 1960 deaths from cancer will occur among children and adolescents aged birth to 19 years. The annual incidence rate of cancer in children and adolescents is 186.6 per 1 million children aged birth to 19 years. Approximately 1 in 285 children will be diagnosed with cancer before age 20 years (3a).

4. If cancer were random, people with diabetes would not have higher cancer rates.
If cancer were random it should not care what the glucose levels within the body. Cancer would only be interested in enough glucose to feed itself. Cancer consumes 10-100 times the glucose of a normal cell. If cancer were random some cancers would use mitochondria in the presence of oxygen for energy just like normal cells.  The body has chosen two very powerful and dangerous compounds/elements to power itself, glucose and oxygen. High amounts of glucose are very dangerous to the body, and can damage organs. Oxygen is toxic and the body is constantly producing anti-oxidant inhibitors to protect itself from the process of oxidation.  People who are diabetic have higher rates of cancer.  In the article “Cancer risk among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes…" the author concludes that  "Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an excess risk of incidence and mortality for … site-specific cancers…" Obesity and cancer track very well. High glucose levels have been shown to accelerate cancer cell proliferation in vitro, while glucose deprivation has led to apoptosis. Clinical evidence shows that lower blood glucose levels in late-stage cancer patients have been correlated with better outcomes. It is interesting that the author points to "site-specific cancers". The body is like a river and certain areas get more blood flow and more sugar then needed and cancer can mop up the excessive glucose protecting organs and producing lactate. In another words does cancer occur in the areas/ organs of the body where the blood sugar is the highest therefore protecting the organs from damage?(4a) (4b) (4c).

5. People who consume high levels of: protein, fat, sugar, should not have higher levels of cancer, it should be random.
Does the tapeworm care if you are on a low sugar, low protein diet? Does bacteria care what level of fat you eat? Yet cancer has chosen high levels of: sugar, fat and protein as its triggers. Cancer patients that follow the low calorie, low animal protein diet, have better outcomes with cancer treatments. High fat diet increases chances of Leukemia. Vegetarians have very low cancer rates. In the article "Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer …", the author states  " vegan diets showed statistically significant protection for overall cancer incidence". (5d) Leukemia is most interesting, with a high fat diet arteries get block causing the potential for heart attack or stroke. This can occur real-time. Physicians report elevated heart attacks after a single heavy high fat meal. (5a) Does leukemia solve this problem?   Jason P. Yun developed animal models of obesity and leukemia to test whether obesity could directly accelerate acute lymphoblastic leukemia, his conclusion was it accelerated development in older mice.  (5b) Most cancers increase with blood sugar levels. High risk diet confirms cancer being part of self and a switch to solve the problem of too much fat and sugar and not a genetic modification to the DNA. (5c)


6. If cancer were a randomly damaged on DNA, cancer cells could not return to normal.
The theory on DNA damage is that the cell is damaged and becomes rouge cell with super powers. A further problem with this theory is that cancer cells can be return back to a normal cell just by applying physical pressure. That implies not random event, but a switch. In the article: “Malignant cells have not completely forgotten how to be healthy". The author states "They just need the right cues to guide them back to a healthy growth pattern". Malignant breast cells were grown in a gel injected into flexible containers. This allowed researchers to apply compression during the first stages of cell growth, effectively squashing the cells. Over time they began to grow in a more normal way. This alone refutes the DNA damage for cancer and puts cancer in the realm of a switch which is turned on and off depending on its environment. The switch theory explains why exercise reduces risk of cancer. Exercise consumes glucose and causes muscle mass to exert pressure.  High amounts of exercise reduce glycemic index making cancer unnecessary (6a). In the paper "Tumor Reversion correction of malignant behavior by micro environmental cues…",  "to revert the malignant phenotype by the correction of environmental cues and by the normalization of signal transduction pathways even as the genome remains malignant and unstable" Further the tissue organization is dependent on the micro environment the cell lives in. "The ability to switch on or off the expression of an oncogene at will has facilitated experiments that address the requirements of tumors for continued expression of an initiating oncogene for the maintenance of the transformed state." The micro cellular environment and the ability to switch on and off some expressions effecting cellular expression is a switch not a random occurrence. (6b) “It stands to reason then that the opposite must also be true: incorrect signals from the microenvironment should lead to destabilization of tissue homeostasis and initiation and promotion of normal cells to malignancy. And there is much compelling recent evidence for this statement.” The brilliant author is basally confirming that a switch must exist and the microenvironments’ must cause it (6e) (6c).


7. Carcinogenic chemicals should cause DNA damage.
The type of DNA damage is being debated. Some researches feel the problem is in the editor which is responsible for proofreading function of the DNA. Chemicals and radiation can affect this editor.  It seems unlikely that actual gens could be damaged and randomly creating the super cells called cancer.  Example is your operating system on the computer. If you remove 1 line of code would you computer crash? If you randomly remove lines of code from your operating system will it suddenly become a supercomputer with web hacking ability, that can hack in the DOD and control drones?  The theory of DNA damage would have us believe that once the P53 gene is damaged the cell gets very smart and figures out how to defeat one the sophisticated immune system, and then almost immediately figures out how to draw in the circularly system (angiogenesis) anywhere it wants.  But then cancer selects an inefficient way to power itself. Chemicals are known to cause cancer, an example is benzene. But benzene also lowers you immune response. (7c). The DNA damage to the cell is being debated on the cause of cancer. What is not debated is chemicals that cause cancer also lower your immune systems response. Further the way radiation kills you is to destroy your immune system and other opportunistic infections kill you. People at high altitudes have less lung cancer, even though background radiation is 3-5 times sea level rates. People at high altitudes should have more cancer especially lung cancer (7b). They are breathing in more free radicals.  Radiation kills you by suppressing your immune system so another disease can kill you. Inhibiting the immune system causes more cancer. An HIV positive person dies of pathogens that a healthy immune system would kill - one of them is the cancer Kaposi's Sarcoma.  This theory explains why diet exercise and happiness lowers risk of cancer. (7a)

8. Cancer would follow random paths if it were a random occurrence
In the Article "Cancer Cells Don't Engage in Drunken' Walks… the author says. "For a long time, researchers have believed that these cells make their way to these blood vessels through random walks. In this study, they saw that these cells will follow more direct, almost straight-line trajectories. This gives them a more efficient way to reach blood vessels—and a more effective way to spread cancer. " Although cancer can develop in virtually any of the body's tissues, and each type of cancer has its unique features, the basic processes that produce cancer are quite similar in all forms of the disease."  If cancer is following a straight line and develops the same way it further confirms cancer being part of self (8).





For Cancer to be part of self it would need to have the following characteristics.
1.     Detailed knowledge of the immune system that bacteria or parasites do not have.
2.     Ability to call the blood supply to it (angiogenesis). No external organism can call the blood supply.
3.     Provided some benefit such as turning glucose and fat in to lactate without oxygen.
4.     Large tumors would secrete tumor suppression inhibitors to slow down the reaction and keep cancer from becoming ramped
5.     Cancer metastases would be early in the process
6.     Ingestion of large quantities of sugar (glucose) and fat should inhibit the immune system
7.     Turn off with starvation or calorie limitations
8.     Cancer rates around the world should track with calorie and fat consumption


1. Cancer would have to evade the human immune system, one of the most sophisticated immune system in the world.
Cancer early-on uses sophisticated masking to evade the immune system. CD47 protein has found to be common in many cancers.  CD47 protein is used by the blood as a date code so the immune system will eventually kill the old blood cells as they fall off. Cancer covers itself with CD47 to tell the T-Cell not to target or the macrophage. Bacteria with it massive ability to mutate does not do that. Even tapeworms (and other sophisticated parasites) cannot do this. At best all the tapeworm can do is to suppress local immune response or take bits of host proteins to mask the area. Cancers approach is not random damage, but is it planned with detailed knowledge of the individual's immune system. Weissman calls CD47 molecule  the “Don’t Eat Me” molecule which blinds the immune system to the cancer cell (11a).  Natural selection should eliminate this problem.


2. Only Cancer can call in its own blood supply (angiogenesis).
All cancers develop a blood supply.  Cancer tumor can almost from the start call the circular system to build a blood supply (angiogenesis). A normal cell cannot do that. Folkman showed that cancer could cause a blood supply to even grow on the cornea of an eye. The current theory is a cancer cell can relocate in a different part of the body. If a liver cell decided to visit the brain it would starve without the ability to build a blood supply. In fact you can detect cancer with heat signature because of the massive blood supply called in the local area is disproportional to normal cells. The probability of a cell being able to call in its own blood supply at will via a random hit on DNA is astronomical. You add this to the ability of cancer to evade only its host DNA the number gets further out there in the impossible. This must be planned. (22a) (22b) Cancer having a large blood supply feeding it supports the idea that cancer is part of a system to cleanse the body of excess sugar and fat. A large tumors vascular system can rival the kidney. If cancer was not part of self why the body would permit such a large structure to exist? A threat that the body cannot kill is encapsulated. Why is cancer not encapsulated?

3. Cancer would need to provide a benefit such as converting glucose to lactate.
The production of lactate from glucose would protect internal organs from glucoses damage. One measure of cancers late stage is the amount of lactate in the blood. The tumor can consume 10-100 times the amount of glucose as a normal cell. Cancer would solve a basic problem that the animal found a massive amount of fruit eating constantly. After weeks of this the animal blood sugar would spike and damage organs or the animal would need to pass the excessive energy (glucose) out. High glucose levels have been shown to accelerate cancer cell proliferation in vitro, while glucose deprivation has led to apoptosis. Clinical evidence shows that lower blood glucose levels in late-stage cancer patients have been correlated with better outcomes. "After cancer cells are exposed to hyperglycemic conditions, a subset of oncogenic pathways are permanently activated"…  "However, the specific molecular mechanism how a cancer cell gets permanently "rewired" and the hyperglycemic memory instilled is still unclear"  What is being described is a hard switch. Once the switch is thrown it is difficult to switch back. (33a)

4. Large tumors secrete tumor suppression inhibitors.

“One of the most mysterious aspects of angiogenesis is that a primary tumor will often secrete a substance that inhibits angiogenesis around secondary metastases. In this case, surgical removal of the primary tumor may stimulate growth of its metastatic secondary tumors.” (44a)  The effect is a large tumor controls the smaller tumors from growing. Why is this an advantage? The cancer would be less likely to get out of control. The body could then have a single tumor with a single set of blood supply. When the tumor is no long needed then the cells can be destroyed or revert back to normal.

5. Cancer metastases early in the process

If cancer were part of self the metastases would occur early in the process, because cancer is already expressed in the DNA.  If cancer were a random in nature then the process would be to defeat the immune system then random mutations metastasize through a Darwin approach. In the article  "Early Tumor Dissemination, but late metastasis…" The authors provide "striking evidence that tumor cells start to disseminate during the initial steps of tumor development that late appearing metastases arise from these early disseminated tumor cells" (55a). If cancer were random genetic damage then the process would be tumor cell is formed. The cells would be killed off until one figures out how to beat the immune system. The next step in the process is mutation until one figures out how to call in the blood supply. The next step would be how one then figures out movement. Movement first means that the cell already knows the initial steps and therefore is part of self.




6. Ingestion of large quantities of sugar and fat should inhibit the immune system.
If cancer was part of self then the immune system needs to be blinded when over consumption of sugar and fat. The immune system is suppressed with the animal ingests larger quantities of both. In the article "Fast Food Fever" "In vitro evidence suggest processed, simple sugars also reduce white blood cell phagocytosis and possibly increase inflammatory cytokine markers in the blood; of note, the author’s attribute their findings to "glycemic load" of meals than the sugars themselves. This statement is ideal for a system that is looking to reduce its glycemic load quickly and efficiently. Cancer is such a system. (66c) Sugar should not affect the immune system negativity. Sugar is energy which should boost the immune system because of the energy requirements.


7. Turn off with starvation or calorie limitations

Cancer should be slowed or stopped by calorie limitations. If cancer were a switch then it could be turned off. In the paper, "Starvation Based Differential Chemotherapy". The author states "In a mice model of human metastatic cancer, after 34 days of five fasting cycles (48 hours each), tumor size was less than half of that in normally fed mice". "Fasting alone is effective in retardation of the growth of many cancer cell types, and in some cases equates the effect of chemotherapy drugs".  The thesis of the paper was to advocate the use of starvation as a tool to increase effectiveness of chemotherapy while lower side effects. Their conclusion was while fasting was as effective as chemotherapy alone, adding fasting to chemotherapy was even more effective.  The normal cell had a defense against environmental stress of low calorie intake, but cancer did not. The original studies were done by Lee C, Raffaghello "Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy". Starvation also affects hormones such as reduced triiodothyronine (thyroid hormone), testosterone, insulin, cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Many cancers are linked to high levels of hormones.  If we step back again to the normal cycle of nature, in the spring most animals reproduce so hormones would be high in response from foods and other stimulants. If a woman becomes too thin she can lose her monthly cycle and cannot conceive. The key to cancer maybe its lack of ability to survive low calorie environment. It is very interesting that normal cells can survive low calorie environment by shutting down glucose intake.  In the case of cancer it just dies.  (77A) (77b) (77c)

8. Cancer rates around the world should track with calorie consumption
When you look at which countries have the highest calorie consumption per capita you lay that over with which countries have the highest levels of cancer they track fairly closely.
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Source Cancer and the Vegetarian Diet 1999

Lung cancer should not track the amount of fat intake unless the stress to the body causes the switch to be thrown and the lung is the organ under stress. If cancer were random hits on the DNA why would lung cancer track fat intake.
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Source Cancer and the Vegetarian Diet 1999 (88a)


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Source Cancer and the Vegetarian Diet 1999 (88a)


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Source Cancer and the Vegetarian Diet 1999 (88a)

The above graphs are very interesting how cancer rates and consumption of animal products track very closely. When you examine the top 10 countries for per capita calorie consumption they track closely with the top countries for cancer. If cancer were part of self this is what you would expect the data to look like.




Summary,
This theory explains following facts: Cancer risk is reduced by diet and exercise. Cancer is higher in people with higher blood sugar levels and higher fat consumption. Cancer is very hard to kill because it is part of you and knows your immune system.  Cancer spreads easily within the body. Cancer has a low probability of contagion.

This theory promotes that Cancer is not random, but part of "self" or one's DNA and the bodies many ways to deal with environmental changes.  Cancer is tool the body has to solve a basic problem of too much glucose or fat in the body. We live in a world that grows matures and dies only to be reborn every spring. Most animals face this dilemma. In the spring fruits are plentiful and in the fall and winter scarce. Fruits are a good source of nutrition and fuel in the form of sugars. Too much glucose can cause a spike the spike the blood sugar causing damage to organs. One way to remove too much sugar is to pass it through urination. The problem with this is in months when food is scarce the energy is lost and the animal will die of starvation. Cancer would solve this problem. Why would a cancer switch be so farfetched? There is an aerobic to anaerobic switch within every cell. There are various switches that turn on and off based on the food consumed. Why should cancer be different? The purpose of this paper is to present the theory of cancer as being part of "self". If cancer turns out to be part of self the way to defeat cancer will not be a war, but understanding of the switching network that needs to be turned off. Food the type, quantity, quality nutritional value all are information to the body. In nature the organism is trying to survive in an ever changing complex world. The food we eat how, when, and what we eat it may be the key in understanding the complex disease of cancer. It is interesting that all the major religions have days of fasting. Perhaps the ancient peoples' knew more about cancer than we do. Hippocrates said "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food". "When diet is wrong, medicine is of no use. When diet is correct, medicine is of no need". ~Ayurvedic proverb.

The Author:
John Claras is CEO/ founder of Applied Interconnect  (a component/ cable manufacturer) and is a 30 year veteran of aerospace engineering who has managed the design of advanced hardware and software solutions for a division of Northrop Grumman (ALR-67, ALR-62), and advanced commercial software and hardware development. He views the body as a sophisticated set of subsystems and sensors trying to anticipate its' threats and fuel needs in a complex environment.


FOOTNOTES:

(1a) Risk of cancer after blood transfusion from donors with subclinical cancer: a retrospective cohort study. - PubMed – NCBI Lancet. 2007 May 19;369(9574):1724-30.

(1b)Can blood transfusion transmit cancer? A literature review Transfusion Med Rev. 2010 Jul;24(3):235-43. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2010.03.005.
(1c) Tumors and Solid Organ Transplantation: Intersections at Multiple Levels. Michael A. Nalesnik, MD, Division of Transplantation Pathology, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Medscape Transplantation. 2003;4(1)  Medscape


(2) Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 1956 Feb;123:309-14.The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer Revised lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 Otto Warburg Director, Max Planck-Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin-Dahlem Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924
(3a) Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014 CA Cancer J Clin. 2014 Mar-Apr;64(2):83-103. doi: 10.3322/caac.21219. Epub 2014 Jan 31.


(3) The Selfish Gene is a 1976 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, in which Dawkins builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's Adaptation and Natural Selection (1966)
(4a) Cancer risk among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: disentangling true associations, detection bias, and reverse causation 2015 Feb;38(2):264-70. doi: 10.2337/dc14-1996. Epub 2014 Dec 8.


(4b) Lead researcher Jessica Harding, of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute in Melbourne Harding, J. Diabetes Care, published online Dec. 8, 2014.
(4c) Fasting blood glucose level and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients Lung Cancer. 2012 May;76(2):242-7. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.019. Epub 2011 Nov 22.

(5a) In The Science of Natural Healing, board-certified cardiologist Dr. Mimi Guarneri, founder of the Scripps Center for Integrative Medicine

(5b) Diet-induced obesity accelerates acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression in two murine models Jason P. Yun, et all. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 Oct 1

(5c) Cancer risk among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: disentangling true associations, detection bias, and reverse causation. Diabetes Care. 2015 Feb;38 (2):264-70. doi:10.2337/dc14-1996. Epub 2014 Dec 8. Harding JL
(5d) Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer in a Low-risk Population Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev February 2013 22; 286 Published Online First November 20, 2012; doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1060

(6a) UC Berkeley biophysicist Daniel Fletcher Berkley Science Review April 22, 2013
http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/365606/Put-the-squeeze-on-breast-tissue-to-help-beat-cancer

(6b)TUMOR REVERSION: CORRECTION OF MALIGNANT BEHAVIOR BY MICROENVIRONMENTAL CUES Int J Cancer. 2003 Dec 10; 107(5): 688–695.  Paraic A. Kenny and Mina J. Bissell*

(6c) Why don’t we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2011 Mar; 17(3): 320–329.doi:  10.1038/nm.2328 Mina J. Bissell*

(6e) Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies. Weaver VM, Petersen OW, Wang F, Larabell CA, Briand P, Damsky C, Bissell MJJ Cell Biol. 1997 Apr 7; 137(1):231-45.


(7a)Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 12.4, DNA Damage and Repair and Their Role in Carcinogenesis. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21554/

(7b) Lung cancer incidence decreases with elevation: evidence for oxygen as an
inhaled carcinogen Kamen P. Simeonovand Daniel S. Himmelstein Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

(7c) TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR  BENZENE by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service August 2007
(8) Cancer Cells Don’t Engage in ‘Drunken’ Walks as They Spread Through the Body in 3D http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/03/04/1318967111.full.pdf+html

(21a) Clinical Investigation of a Humanized Anti-CD47 Antibody in Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Hematologic Malignancies and Solid Tumors Weisman PMCID: PMC4411952
(22a) In 1971, Folkman published in the “New England Journal of Medicine” a hypothesis that tumor growth is angiogenesis dependent and that inhibition of angiogenesis could be therapeutic
(22b) In 1939, Ide et al. [1] were the first to suggest that tumors release specific factors capable of stimulating the growth of blood vessels. In 1945, Algire and Chalkley
(33a) Hyperglycemia as a Risk Factor for Cancer Progression Diabetes Metab J. 2014 Oct; 38(5): 330–336. 10.4093/dmj.2014.38.5.330 Tae Young Ryu,1

(44a) Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition Section 24.1Tumor Cells and the Onset of Cancer Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al.New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000.
(55)J Clin Invest. 2010 Jun 1; 120(6): 1800–1803. Early tumor dissemination, but late metastasis: insights into tumor dormancy
(66a) NUTRITION AND IMMUNITY IN MAN by Lillian Langseth ILSI Europe Concise Monographs, 1999 International Life Sciences Institute
(66b) University of Gothenburg. "Fatty food can weaken the immune system." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 10 December 2009.<www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091208132526.htm>
(66c) Nutr J. 2014; 13: 61. 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61 (66c) Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity Ian A MylesError! Filename not specified.1

(77a) Lee C, Raffaghello L, Brandhorst S, Safdie FM, Bianchi G, Montalvo AM et al. Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:124ra27
(77b) Starvation Based Differential Chemotherapy: A Novel Approach for Cancer Treatment Oman Med J. 2014 Nov; 29(6): 391–398

(77c) Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Debra K. Katzman and Neville H. Golden From Prevention to Prognosis: Clinical Research Update on Adolescent Eating Disorders.

(88a) Cancer and the Vegetarian Diet by William Harris, M.D 1999, Kaiser-Permanente Vegan Lifestyle Clinic

Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer? Published online 2011 Oct 26. doi:  10.1186/1743-7075-8-75
Why don’t we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2011 Mar; 17(3): 320–329.doi:  10.1038/nm.2328
Cancer the hypersuccarum- Lactatum Conversion Solution
(National Institutes of Health (US); Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2007.

copyrighted 2016 Applied Interconnect Inc. J


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